Kidney Transplantation in Children
What is a kidney transplant?
A kidney transplant is surgery to
place a healthy kidney from another person into someone with severe kidney problems. The
healthy kidney may come from 2 types of donors:
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Deceased donor. This is an organ donor who has just
died.
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Living donor. Family members or people who are unrelated
but make a good match may be able to donate 1 of their kidneys. This is called a
living transplant. People who donate a kidney can live healthy lives with their 1
remaining kidney.
A person receiving a transplant
usually receives only 1 kidney. But in rare cases, a person may receive 2 kidneys from a
deceased donor. In most cases, the diseased kidneys are left in place during the
surgery. The transplanted kidney is placed in the lower belly (abdomen) on the front
side of the body.
Why is a kidney transplant recommended?
A kidney transplant is recommended for children who have serious kidney problems and will die without dialysis or a transplant. Some of the kidney diseases in children that may require a transplant include the following:
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Birth defects and heredity diseases. These are the most
common causes of kidney failure in children from birth to age 4.
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Hereditary diseases, nephrotic syndrome, and systemic
diseases. These are the most common cause of kidney failure in children
between ages 5 and 15.
-
Diseases that affect the blood vessels (glomeruli) in the
kidneys. The most common cause of kidney failure in children between ages
15 and 19.
Not all children with these diseases will need a kidney transplant. Always see your child's healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
Where do transplanted organs come from?
There are 2 types of donors:
deceased donors and living donors.
Deceased donors
Most transplanted kidneys come
from deceased organ donors. This is called a deceased donor transplant. These organ
donors are adults or children who have become critically ill and are pronounced dead
because their brain or their heart has stopped working. If the donor is an adult, he
or she may have agreed to be an organ donor before becoming ill. The family of the
deceased person must agree to donate the person's organs. Donors can come from any
part of the U.S. A child receiving a transplant usually receives only 1 kidney. But
in rare cases, a child may receive 2 kidneys from a deceased donor. Researchers are
also experimenting with splitting 1 kidney for 2 recipients.
Living donors
Family members or people who are
not related but are a good match may also be able to donate 1 of their kidneys. This
is called a living transplant. People who donate a kidney can live healthy lives with
the 1 kidney that remains. A child older than age 2 can generally receive an adult
kidney. There is usually enough space in the child’s belly for the new kidney to
fit.
What is the transplant waiting list?
If your child is accepted as a transplant candidate, he or she will be placed on a national transplant waiting list. When a donor organ becomes available, a computer searches all the people on the waiting list for a kidney. Those who are not good matches for the available kidney are set aside. A new list is made from the remaining candidates. The person at the top of the specialized list is considered for the transplant. If he or she is not a good candidate, for whatever reason, then the next person is considered. In some cases, people lower on the list may be considered before a person at the top. This can happen for different reasons. These include the donor organ’s size or how far away the donor is from the recipient.
How is my child placed on the waiting list for a new kidney?
Talk with your child’s healthcare team to see if a transplant is an option for your child. If it is, then have your child’s provider refer you to a transplant center in your area. Transplant centers are located in certain hospitals throughout the U.S. Your child must complete a full evaluation at the transplant center.
The kidney transplant team
Your child will have a variety of tests done by the transplant center team. This is the group of specialists who evaluate people to see if they can have a transplant procedure. They also care for people undergoing a transplant. The team will decide if your child is a candidate for a transplant. The transplant center team will include:
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Transplant surgeons.
Healthcare providers who specialize in transplantation and who will be
performing the surgery. The transplant surgeons coordinate all team members.
They follow your child before the transplant and continue to follow your child
after the transplant and after discharge from the hospital.
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Nephrologists. Healthcare
providers who specialize in disorders of the kidneys. Nephrologists will help
manage your child before and after the surgery.
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Urologists. Healthcare
providers who specialize in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the
genitourinary tract.
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Transplant nurse
coordinator. A nurse who organizes all aspects of care provided to your
child before and after the transplant. The nurse coordinator will provide
patient education and coordinate the diagnostic testing and follow-up care.
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Social workers. Experts
who will provide support to your family and help your family deal with many
issues that may arise, including lodging and transportation, finances, and
legal issues. They can also help coordinate alternative means for school, so
that your child does not get behind.
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Dietitians. Experts who
will help your child meet his or her nutritional needs before and after the
transplant. They will work closely with you and your family.
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Physical therapists.
Healthcare providers who will help your child become strong and independent
with movement and endurance after the transplantation.
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Pastoral care. Chaplains
who provide spiritual care and support.
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Other team members.
Several other team members will evaluate your child before transplantation and
provide follow-up care, as needed. These include, but are not limited to, the
following:
The transplant evaluation process
An extensive evaluation must be done before your child can be placed on the national transplant waiting list. Testing includes:
Tests are done to gather information that will help determine how urgent it is that your child is placed on the transplant list. These tests also ensure your child receives a donor organ that is a good match. Tests include those to analyze your child’s general health, including:
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Heart, lung, and kidney function
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Nutritional status
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The presence of infection
Blood tests
Blood tests will help improve the chances that the donor organ won’t be rejected. These tests may include:
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Blood chemistries. These
may include serum creatinine, electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium),
cholesterol, and liver function tests.
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Clotting studies, such as
prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT). These tests
measure the time it takes for blood to clot.
Other blood tests will help improve the chances that the donor organ will not be rejected. They may include:
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Your child's blood type.
Each person has a specific blood type: type A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+,
or O-. When receiving a transfusion, the blood received must be a compatible
type with your child's own. If not, an allergic reaction will occur. The same
allergic reaction will occur if the blood contained within a donor organ enters
your child's body during a transplant. Allergic reactions can be avoided by
matching the blood types of your child and the donor.
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Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
and panel reactive antibody (PRA). These tests help figure out how
successful an organ transplant may be. The tests check for antibodies in your
child's blood. Antibodies are made by the body's immune system in reaction to a
foreign substance, such as a blood transfusion or a virus. Antibodies in the
bloodstream will try to attack transplanted organs. Children who receive a
transplant will take medicines that decrease this immune response. The higher
your child's PRA, the more likely that an organ will be rejected.
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Kidney, liver, and other vital
organ function tests.
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Viral studies. These tests
determine if your child has antibodies to viruses that may increase the
likelihood of rejecting the donor organ, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). Many
other infectious diseases are also tested for, including HIV and hepatitis.
Diagnostic tests
Extensive diagnostic tests are also done. They are needed to understand your child’s complete health status. Other tests may also be done, including the following:
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Kidney ultrasound. For
this noninvasive test, a probe (transducer) is passed over the kidney on the
outside of the body. The probe creates sound waves that bounce off the kidney.
The sound waves transmit a picture of the kidney onto a video screen. This test
is used to determine the size and shape of the kidney. It can also see if there
is a mass, kidney stone, cyst, or other blockage or abnormality.
-
Kidney biopsy. Tissue
samples are removed (with a needle or during surgery) from the kidney and
checked under a microscope.
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Intravenous pyelogram
(IVP). A series of X-rays of the kidney, ureters, and bladder. Contrast
dye is injected into the vein to find tumors, abnormalities, kidney stones, or
any blockages, and to assess renal blood flow.
Getting on the list
The transplant team will consider all the information gathered from interviews, your child's medical history, and the evaluation tests. Based on this information, the team will decide if your child is a transplant candidate. If your child is a candidate, the transplant team will add him or her to the national transplant waiting list. If you have any questions about your child’s place on the list, ask the transplant team.
How long will it take to get a new kidney?
There is no definite answer to this question. If there is a matching and healthy living donor, your child may be able to get a transplant in a few weeks or months. If no living related donor is available, it may take months or years on the waiting list before a suitable donor organ is available. During this time, your child will receive close follow-up with his or her healthcare providers and the transplant team. Many support groups are also available to help you during this waiting time.
How are we notified when a kidney is available?
Each transplant team has their own specific guidelines for waiting on the transplant list and being notified when a donor organ is available. In most cases, you will receive a phone call that an organ is available. You will be told to come to the hospital immediately so your child can be prepared for the transplant.
What is involved in kidney transplant surgery?
Once an organ becomes available to your child, you and your child will be immediately called to the hospital. This call can occur at any time. So you should always be prepared to go to the hospital, if needed. Once at the hospital, your child will have some more final blood work and tests to confirm the organ is a match.
Your child will then go to the operating room. The transplant surgery may take several hours. But this will vary greatly depending on each individual case. During the surgery, a member of the transplant team will keep you informed on how the surgery is going.
Postoperative care for kidney transplant
After the surgery, your child will go to the intensive care unit (ICU) to be watched closely. The length of time your child will spend in the ICU will vary. It will be based on your child's unique condition. After your child is stable, he or she will be sent to the special unit in the hospital that cares for kidney transplant patients. Your child will continue to be watched closely. You will be educated on all aspects of caring for your child during this time. This will include information about medicines, activity, follow-up, diet, and any other specific instructions from your child's transplant team.
What is rejection?
Rejection is the body’s normal reaction to foreign tissue. When a new kidney is placed in a person's body, the body sees the transplanted organ as a threat and tries to attack it. The immune system makes antibodies to try to kill the new organ. To help the new kidney survive in your child’s body, your child must take antirejection medicines (immunosuppressants). These medicines weaken the immune system’s response. Your child must take these medicines for the rest of his or her life.
What are the symptoms of rejection?
Most children who have a kidney
transplant do not have symptoms. A rejection episode is suspected via routine blood
tests. If a child has symptoms, they may include:
Your transplant team will tell you who to call right away if any of these symptoms occur.
What is done to prevent rejection?
Your child must take antirejection medicines for the rest of his or her life. Each child may react differently to medicines, and each transplant team has preferences for different medicines. Some of the antirejection medicines most commonly used include the following:
New antirejection medicines are always being approved. Your child’s healthcare provider will create a medicine treatment plan that is right for your child. The doses of these medicines may change frequently as your child's response to them changes. Antirejection medicines affect the immune system. So children who receive a transplant will be at higher risk for infections. A balance must be maintained between preventing rejection and making your child very vulnerable to infection. Your child will have blood tests done regularly. These will measure the amount of medicine in your child’s body and make sure your child does not get too much or too little of the medicines. White blood cells are also an important indicator of how much medicine your child needs.
What about infection?
This risk of infection is especially great in the first few months after the transplant. That’s because higher doses of antirejection medicines are given during this time. Your child will most likely need to take medicines to prevent other infections from occurring. Some of the infections your child will be especially vulnerable to include oral yeast infection (thrush), herpes, and respiratory viruses.
Long-term outlook for a child after a kidney transplant
Living with a transplant is a lifelong process. Medicines must be given that trick the immune system so it won’t attack the transplanted organ. Other medicines must be given to prevent side effects of the antirejection medicines, such as infection. Frequent visits to and contact with the transplant team are essential. It’s very important to know the signs of organ rejection and to look for them each day. When your child is old enough, he or she will need to learn about antirejection medicines. Your child will need to learn what these medicines do and the signs of rejection. Over time your child must be able to care for himself or herself independently.
Every child is unique and every transplant is different. Results keep improving as healthcare providers and scientists learn more about how the body deals with transplanted organs and search for ways to improve the transplant process.